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#TAILS OF IRON WEIGHT ARCHIVE#
NPS/Dempster Archive Dempster Vaneless Irrigator (1896-1917) & Double-Stroke Vaneless Irrigator (1896-1905) Sketch of a Dempster Vaneless Irrigator from the 1903 Dempster Catalog This meant that the weight of the wheel always pulled the mill to one side, causing wear to the windmill. This mills did not have a counterbalance weight. The Dempster Mill Manufacturing Company sold its Original Dempster Vaneless windmills in 10, 12, and 14-foot diameters. To turn off the mill, a wire was pulled to lift the weighted lever and draw the wheel sections out of the wind. As this occurred, a weighted lever then pulled the sections back to face the wind when the wind subsided. This lessened the wheel surface exposed to the wind and created a large opening in the center, slowing the rotation speed of the wheel. The stronger the wind, the more the blades tended to push backward, a tendency enhanced by centrifugal force. The company kept this color scheme from this time onward. The wheels were dipped in white lead paint and the blade tips trimmed in red. The Original Dempster Vaneless mill used a sectional wheel made up of thin wooden blades. 14 holds the distinction of being the only widely sold oil-bath vanless mill produced in America. Some were designed for ordinary farm and ranch use, while two heavy-duty models were produced for larger-volume pumping of irrigation water. Because they had no vanes or tails to direct them into the wind, their wheel operated downwind.įor over fifty years, the Dempster Mill Manufacturing Company produced vaneless windmills. Their movement somewhat resembled the opening and closing of an umbrella. This allowed them to govern the speed of the mills as the wind changed. These windmills had hinged sections that could pivot in and out of the wind individually. The energy and nutrient needs of these raptors should be met without further supplementation by feeding 1-day-old chicks or 3-wk-old hamsters to satiety.Sketch of a Vaneless Windmill from the 1903 Dempster Catalogīy the 1880s, wooden vaneless windmills were growing in popularity across the central Great Plains. Daily metabolizable energy intakes were 96-184 kcal/$\text$. Casts egested by owls were higher in ash, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium than casts egested by hawks or vultures, apparently because of the predominance of bone in owl casts.
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Cast dry matter regurgitated and egested comprised 2-8% of dry matter consumed.
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Daily dry matter intakes were equivalent to 1.7-3.2% of raptor body weight. Magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, copper, manganese, zinc, and selenium concentrations were also determined. Hamsters contained 30% dry matter and (on a dry basis) 50% crude protein, 35% ether extract, 8% ash, 2.5% calcium, and 2.0% phosphorus. Chicks contained 24% dry matter and (on a dry basis) 67% crude protein, 21% ether extract, 5% ash, 2.1% calcium, and 1.5% phosphorus. Four adult red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), four adult great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), and four adult turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) were fed 1-day-old chicks (Gallus gallus) or 3-wk-old Syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) to satiety in metabolism cages to determine whether these prey species would meet energy and nutrient needs in captivity.